[Optimum dose of gamma irradiation to inactivate Vibrio paraheamolyticus in fresh and freeze-dried]

Background: Vibrio paraheamoloyticus is one the causative agents of vibriosis with high mortality in farmed fish and shrimp and under predisposing conditions

Objectives: This study was aimed to assess the effect of gamma irradiation on the inactivation of V. paraheamoloyticus under fresh and freeze-dried conditions

Methods: Vials of 0.5 ml fresh culture of the bacterial suspensions at 1.5[asterisk]10[10] cfu/ml were subjected to 1, 1.5,2, 2.5, 3 and 4 KGy. Also, vials of 0.5 ml freeze-dried culture of the bacterial suspensions at 1.5 x 1010 cfu/ml were subjected to 2, 4, 7 and 8 KGy. The bacterial growth behavior was then evaluated on fresh medium

Results: The obtained results showed that the minimum doses of 4 and 10 KGy were sufficient for the inactivation of fresh and freeze-dried bacteria, respectively

Conclusions: The result of this study shows that inactivation of V. paraheamolyicus in fresh culture condition requires below half- dosage of gamma ray required for the inactivation of the freeze- dried of bacterial cells

[ study on internal teat sealant for mastitis prevention in a dairy cows]

Mammary glands are particularly susceptible to new infections during the dry and early lactation periods. Dry cow antibiotic therapy in all quarters of all cows has been a traditional method to reduce the effect of these new infections. The objective of this study which was done for the first time in Iran was to determine the effect of infusion with Masti-Seal at dry off. Eighty Holstein Frisian dairy cows parity of 2 to 5 in 7 month of pregnancy were selected from a commercial dairy farm. All cows didn't show clinical mastitis in last month. The cows of group A [n=10] were randomly assigned to be treated in two quarters [LF/RR or RF/LR] with the sealant while two quarters in each cow remained as untreated controls. The cows of group B [n=10] were randomly treated with the dry cow therapy [DCT] and sealant. The cows of group C were randomly assigned to be treated in two quarters [LF/RR or RF/LR] with the DCT and sealant while two quarters were treated just with antibiotic DCT. In group D the effect of Masti-seal and Orbiseal in rear quarters were compared. Milk samples were collected for bacterial culture and somatic cell count [SCC] at dry off, 10-15 DIM. At calving, the Mastiseal was manually stripped from each quarter prior to collecting of colostrum. The clinical evaluations of teats were done in all groups at days 7, 14 and 28 after treatment. No changes in teats of cows were seen. Corynebacterium bovis and one yeast were isolated from 2 and 1 samples, respectively. The SCC of cows in group B increased significantly after parturition compared with cows treated by DCT. In other groups there were no significant differences between dry period and after parturition. Results revealed that using of Masti-seal in combination with DCT is useful. However, use of Masti-seal is a necessity even without antibiotics

Red-pink colony-producing Pseudomonas sp. is the causative agent of mass mortality in larvae and post-larvae of Litopenaeus vannamei raised in hatcheries in south Iran

This study aimed to identify the causative of the mass mortality observed in zoeal to post-larval shrimp raised in hatcheries in south Iran. For three consecutive months, samples of nauplii and zoea of Litopenaeus vannamei were collected from an affected hatchery located in the province of Bushehr. Upon culture on marine agar, bacterial colonies that produced white, orange, yellow and red pigments were identified. In the hatcheries in which mass mortality was observed, the water columns of the affected tanks exhibited a red-pink color. Therefore, the bacteria that produced red pigment were selected for further phenotypic characterization using polymerase chain reaction [PCR] and virulence bioassays. Our results indicate that this bacterium belonged the genus Pseudomonas and that it was identical to P. mesophilica and/ anguilliseptica. PCR analysis of this bacterium revealed the production of a 150-bp band that was consistent with the Pseudomonas genus. To determine the pathogenicity of the isolated bacteria in nauplii and post-larvae of L vannamei, we performed bioassay experiments by bath immersion at 27-28°C. Our results showed that culture of nauplii and post-larvae of L. vannamei with the bacteria at a concentration of 1.5-2.0[x] 10[5] CFU/mL in marine broth resulted in a 100% mortality rate 24-48 h post-challenge. In contrast, there was no mortality in the nauplii and post-larvae that were cultured in the absence of bacteria. Upon pathological examination, we found that the color of the larvae was abnormal and pink, with acute necrosis of the entire body 48 h post-challenge

[ role of coelomic fluid in fertilization of rainbow trout [oncorhynchus mykiss] oocytes]

Iran is one of the most important Rainbow trout [Oncorhynchus mykiss] producing countries in the world and fingering production is the key factor for this industry. The present experiment was conducted to determine the role of the coelomic fluid in artificial fertilization and to study the interactive effect of different brood fish coelomic fluid on fertilization process during 60 min storage at 4°C.The egg quality was evaluated through the rate of eyed and hatched eggs where these indices applied with and without coelomic fluid. In the first two trials, the rat of egg fertilization with and without coelomic fluid did not exhibit significant difference [p>0.05]. Eyeing rates were 97.1% and 97.6% for trial 1 and 99.1% and 97.7% for trial II. respectively. In next trial the eyeing and hatching rate were 88.7% and 86.8% for the eggs fertilized immediately alter stripping wheas for those fertilized 60 min. after integrated storage these values were 86.3% and 84.6% respectively [p>0.05]. we concluded that the coelomic fluid has no interative effect on artificial fertilization and the quality of egg fecundity is not influenced by the fertilization process during 60 min storage at 4°C

Effect of Temperature on post ovulated oocyte quality maintenance in female rainbow trou, oncorhynchus mykiss

Effect of temperature on the duration of post ovulated oocyte quality maintenance in abdominal cavity of female rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, was assessed to determine suitable time of stripping. Egg quality measurement was done through assessing the eying and hatching rates of eggs. Regarding the best temperature range reported for salmonid brood fish in breeding season [3-10 C] the study was undertaken in two temperatures of 2 +/- 0.5 C and 8 +/- 0.5 C. In each of the noted temperatures, 15 female brood fish were used as 15 replicates and stripped 5 times. Time interval of each two spawnings was 7 days. Results indicated that temperature has a significant effect on the suitable time of stripping. When the temperature increased from 2 C to 8 C, the optimum eyeing and hatching rates were transferred from second week to the first one. Also, eyeing rate was decreased from 83% for the fifth treatment at 2 C to 3.6% at 8 C. The same trend was observed for the hatching rates. The decrease of post ovulatory suitable stripping time from 30 days in 2 C to two weeks in 8 C, shows the role of temperature on egg quality maintenance and confirms that the increase of water temperature in optimal living range, shortens the suitable post ovulatory time of stripping. This time duration estimated at least 21 DPO at 2 C and 14 DPO at 8 C. Also the time needed for overripening of the eggs estimated more than 224 Degree-Days. So the time duration of post ovulated oocyte quality maintenance in abdominal cavity of female rainbow trout is highly dependent on water temperature

[ relationship between opium dependency and stroke]

Stroke is the 3[rd] cause of death and although it is a common disease, its incidence is not the same in different parts of the world and depends on various factors. Opium dependency apart from being a social and cultural problem has several effects on physiological, immune and coagulation systems and consequently the risk of stroke. This case-control study was designed to determine the associations between opium dependency and stroke. The study was done in Kerman Shafa Hospital during 2003-2004 on 105 patients with stroke [case group] and 105 patients with urologic problems [control group]. Data were collected using patients history, physical examinations and diagnostic protocols and were analyzed using Chi-Square test. Both groups contained 55 females and 50 males. In the case group 31 ones [29.5%] and in the control group 18 ones [10.5%] were opium dependent that shows a significant difference between the two groups [P<0.001]. The relation between cigarette smoking and stroke was also determined [P<0.0001] and since both factors showed significant relation with stroke, logistic regression analysis was done. Odds ratio was 2.207 [P<0.012] for cigarette smoking and 2.36 [P<0.04] for opium dependency respectively

[Cytological comparative study of the uterus and uterine cervical mucusae between swab and aspiration methods in cows]

Objective: Comparing cytological findings of the uterus and cervix mucusae in two methods [swab and aspiration] in cows during oestrus cycle

Design: Comparative descriptive survey

Animals: A total of 120 cows

Procedure:A total of 120 genital systems of slauthered cows were selected. All the genital systems were contained uterine horns and cervix. In according to the physical appearances, genital samples were divided into estrus, metestrus, diestrus, proestrus, anestrus, post parturition and ovarian cysts. Genital smears were prepaired from uterine horns and cervix by swab and aspiration methods. The smears were stained with Giemsa stain and examined by a microscope

Statistical analysis: The data were analysed statistically using one way analysis of variance [ANOVA]. The differenc between the means were statistically estimated by Duncan's test

Results: There were no significant differences in the percentage of large vacuolated epithelial cells, neutrophils, macrophages and lymphocytes of cervical and uterine mucusae by swab and aspiration methods[P>0/05]. There was a significant difference in the percentage of epithelial cells in the smears obtained from cervix and uterus in swab and aspiration methods. So that the percentage of epithelial cells in swab method were more than aspiration methods [P<0.05]. Comparison of the cervix and uterus cells in swab and aspiration methods in the estrus cycle showed that the average number of neutrophils in estrus were lower than other stages. The average percentage of neutrophils in other stages of estrus were lower than 5%. In the cases with ovarian cyst and postpartum period, the average percentages of neutrophils were more than 5% which can be a sign of inflammatory reaction

Conclusion: With respect to cytological studies, there were no significant differences between the samples which had been taken of the uterine horns and uterine cervix. For uterine cytology, aspiration method proved to be better than swab method

[Distribution of abra ovata [bivalvia] in the southern part of the caspian sea and the effect of the physico-chemical parameters of water and substral on it]

The Abra ovata belongs to family of Semelidae. This Bivalvia is one of the native species of the black sea and Azof lake and introduced to the Caspian sea be Russian scientists. In the Caspian sea, Abra has most frequency between 20-50m depth, in spring and summer frequency of Abra ovata is also more than other seasons and density in easthern areas is also more; and reaches to 3000 N/m[2]. Frequency and settelinq down of Abra ovala depend on Physico-chemical factors of environment, such as; grain size of sediment, rate of site, organic material and sands. Rate of silt have more important than others. In an area with more silt, Abra can remove and exchange better where the sediment have 75 percent silt, 15 percent sand and 10 percent organic matter, Abra has the best condition. The tolerance of Abra ovata relative to salinity is high but the best salinity is between 10-12%

[ study of benthic fauna of the chaharmahal bakhtiari province's springs for distinguishing potential productivity of cold water fishes]

In order to determine the potential productivity of cold water fishes in springs with more than 100 lit/sec of water in the province of Chaharmahal Bakhtiari, the province area was divided into following four districts, Ardal, Broujen, Farsan and Lordegan. In this study water resources [springs] have been identified, and some parameters like air and water temperature, type of substrates and water out-flow was measured. Macrobenthic organisems have been collected, sieved and fixed in the 250 ml glass bottel with 4% formalin, labled and transported to the laboratory. In the laboratory the samples were washed thourly and different organisms were identified and counted separately. In reference to this survey which is the results of 45 springs information in this area, there are not any constrain for propagetting and culturing of cold water fishes, mainly rainbow trout, onchorhynchus mykiss. In the whole region there are about 45140 lit/sec water out-flow. Among all of the sampled macrobenthos organisems, Genous Gammarus, Baetis and Simulium were the dominant invertebrate animals. According to quality characterization of the water resources the production of 85 Kg/fish/y is purposed, therefore it could annually produce 3800 tons of fish, using spring waters of this province

[Effect of dietary lipid source on the lipid and fatty acid profiles of parthenogenic versus bisexual uromiah lade artemia]

One of the most important live food source for developing aquaculture in Iran is the Iranian brine shrimp [Artemia urmians] [AU]. But the latest nutritional study on its cysts and nauplii have showed [Ahamadi et al. 1990], that the natural population of brine shrimp collected from the Uromiah lake may be inadequate as a food for cultured marine organisms. Therefore a better nutritional quality might be obtained by intensive culturing of AU fed with cultured algae. However, the newly hatched parthenogenic and Bisexual AU [instar I-II] were transferred separately to the different jars and then feed them with the three experimental diets with the theoretical fatty acid composition as follows: a] Algae Tetraselmis [low levels of 20:5w3, high levels of 18:3w3], b] Unidentified algae [high levels in 20:5w3, low levels of 18:3w3] c] Rice bran [lack of w3 fatty acids]. After feeding and when the AU [Parthenogenic and Bisexual] reached adulthood, the total lipids and fatty acid profile of both culture were analyzed. This study showed that: 1] Parthenogenic AU reached to sexual maturity 2 to 3 days sooner than bisexuals fed the same diets. Parthenogenic AU fed Tetraselmis matured in 15 days and bisexuals took 18 days to reach sexual maturity. Parthenogenic and bisexual AU fed rice bran reached sexual maturity in 25 and 30 days, where those fed the unidentified algae reached sexual maturity in 18 and 20 days, respectively. The highest mortality was observed in the bisexual AU fed rice bran during the grow out period. The AU fed Tetraselmis appeared to have the least mortality. 2] Iranian brine shrimp, generally reflects the different types of fatty acids contained in their diets. 3] AU are able to elongate the shorter-chain-fatty-acid to longer-chain-fatty-acids. 4] Fattay acid 18:1w9 seems to be the most abundant in AU and is similar to the other Artemia in the world. 5] Only a few differences between the fatty acid distribution of bisexuals versus parthenogenics which fed the same diet, were observed